After the death of their parents, the three Poe children were split up: Henry lived with family in Baltimore, Maryland, while Edgar and Rosalie were cared for by two different families in Richmond, Virginia. Before the age of 20, Henry traveled around the globe by sea before returning to Baltimore and becoming a published poet and author. One of his works, "The Pirate", was a fictionalized account of his brother's relationship with Sarah Elmira Royster in Richmond. Henry died of tuberculosis in 1831 at the age of twenty-four.
Henry Poe was an inspiration to his brother's life and writings and the two had similar writing styles. Edgar Allan Poe for a time used the alias "Henri Le Rennet," a name inspired by Henry. Henry's influence on Edgar's writing include a character in the novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket and the name of the title character in the poem "Lenore."
Biography
Poe and Clemm family tree
William Henry Leonard, who went by the name Henry,[1] was born circa January 30, 1807, to traveling actors Eliza Poe and David Poe, Jr., four months after their troupe began performing in Boston.[2] Their second son, Edgar, was born on January 19, 1809, and a daughter, Rosalie, was born in December 1810.[3] Some time before July 1809, however, David Poe had deserted his family, though little is known about his disappearance. He may have died in Norfolk, Virginia on December 11, 1811.[4] Eliza Poe died of tuberculosis on December 8, 1811, leaving her three children as orphans.[5]
During their mother's illness, Henry had been left in the care of his paternal grandparents,[6] while Edgar and Rosalie had been cared for by actor friends of their parents, namely Mr. and Mrs. Luke Usher.[7] The children were likely at Eliza's side as she died.[8] In one of his poems, Henry described her "long... last farewell" to them and was given a lock of her hair to remember her.[8] After the death of Eliza, the three children were split up. Henry went back to his grandparents in Baltimore, Maryland while Edgar went to live with a foster family, the Allans of Richmond. Rosalie was adopted by the Mackenzies, also of Richmond.[9]
Henry was raised by his grandparents, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe and David Poe, Sr.[10] David Poe, Sr. had been a quartermaster in the American Revolutionary War and paid for supplies out of his own pocket, including $500 for clothing for the troops. His commitment had earned the respect and friendship of the Marquis de LaFayette[11] and the honorary title of "General".[12] David Poe, Sr. died in 1816,[13] and his wife, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe, though sickly and bedridden,[14] outlived her grandson and died on July 7, 1835.[15]
Henry kept in touch with his younger brother Edgar sporadically as they grew up, often through letters but once he even visited Edgar in Richmond in the 1820s.[10] There, Edgar introduced his brother to his childhood sweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster.[16] Edgar's foster-father John Allan also corresponded with Henry. In one letter, dated November 1, 1824, Allan apologized that Edgar was slow in writing a letter to Henry, complaining that his foster-son "had little else to do, for he does nothing... The boy possesses not a Spark of affection for us, not a particle of gratitude for all my care and kindness towards him."[17]
Before the age of twenty, Henry served in South America and elsewhere on board the USS Macedonian.[18] As a crewman aboard the Macedonian, a frigate, he also visited the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and Russia. In 1827, he returned to Baltimore to live with his grandmother, his aunt Maria Clemm, and his two cousins Henry Clemm and Virginia Clemm.[1] Around this time, Henry was described as a "slim, feeble, young man with dark inexpressive eyes" who possessed a "singular personal beauty."[19]
Writings
In Baltimore, while working at a law office, Henry developed his interest in writing. He wrote verse inspired by Lord Byron into the albums of local young women and gave recitations.[20] The May 19, 1827, issue of Baltimore's North American, or, Weekly Journal of Politics, Science, and Literature published Henry's "Dreams", a poems which laments the difference between the dream world and reality.[21] The October 27 issue of the same periodical published Henry's short story "The Pirate", a fictionalization of his brother's love affair with Royster.[1] The main character was named Edgar Leonard, a combination of the names of the two brothers, who pursues a woman named Rosalie, a name borrowed from their sister. The Edgar Leonard character says: "I lost my parents at an early age... and was left to the care of a relation."[22]
One of Henry's poems, titled "Original," was virtually identical to one of Edgar's early poems published in Tamerlane and Other Poems, now known as "The Happiest Day, The Happiest Hour".[22] It is likely that this poem and another called "Dreams" were Edgar's and incorrectly credited to Henry.[23] Edgar wrote "The Happiest Day, The Happiest Hour" while he was serving in the Army. He sent the poem to Henry, who had it published in the September 15, 1827, issue of the North American,[24] which included Henry's name.
Another poem published by Henry was "Lines on a Pocket Book," in which he considers John Allan's accusations that younger sister Rosalie Poe was illegitimate.[23] Henry's poems generally have themes of melancholy, despair, and feature women who die and abandon their loved ones who dream of their reunion. Many are so similar to Poe's early work that they may have been collaborative efforts.[25] His writing career ended in 1827 when the North American Review ceased publication.[23]
Death
Henry, who was a heavy drinker and may have been an alcoholic,[26] died of tuberculosis on August 1, 1831,[10] in Baltimore, likely in the same room or even the same bed which he shared with his brother Edgar.[27] He was twenty-four.[25] Henry was buried at what is now Westminster Hall and Burying Ground, where his brother would be buried several years later.[28] Henry's obituary misspelled his name as "W. H. Hope."[29]
Influence
Edgar Allan Poe was very close to his brother, as he wrote: "there can be no tie more strong than that of brother for brother — it is not so much that they love one another as that they both love the same parent."[30] Edgar occasionally used the alias "Henri Le Rennet," a French version of his older brother's name. He was also inspired by his brother Henry's travels, often incorporating some of his stories from overseas into tellings of his own life story.[18] The character of August Barnard in Edgar's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) seems to be inspired by Henry, especially in his travels across the sea and his drinking.[31] Poe may have also transformed his brother's name into the title character in his poem "Lenore."[32]
References
1.^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 193. ISBN 081604161X
2.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 5. ISBN 0060923318
3.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 6–7. ISBN 0060923318
4.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 5–6. ISBN 0815410387
5.^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 192. ISBN 081604161X
6.^ Stashower, Daniel. The Beautiful Cigar Girl: Mary Rogers, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Invention of Murder. New York: Dutton, 2006: 35. ISBN 052594981X
7.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 6. ISBN 0815410387
8.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 8. ISBN 0060923318
9.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 7. ISBN 0815410387
10.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 61. ISBN 0815410387
11.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 25. ISBN 0060923318
12.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 2. ISBN 0815410387
13.^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 191. ISBN 081604161X
14.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 60. ISBN 0815410387
15.^ Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1941: 218. ISBN 0801857309
16.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 30. ISBN 0060923318
17.^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992: 19–20. ISBN 0815410387
18.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 37. ISBN 0060923318
19.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 82–83. ISBN 0060923318
20.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 83. ISBN 0060923318
21.^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 73. ISBN 081604161X
22.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 84. ISBN 0060923318
23.^ Poe, Harry Lee. Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. New York: Metro Books, 2008: 52. ISBN 9781435104693
24.^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 103–104. ISBN 081604161X
25.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 85. ISBN 0060923318
26.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 125. ISBN 0060923318
27.^ Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 195. ISBN 0521797276
28.^ "Poe in Baltimore", Edgar Allan Poe Society online. Accessed May 24, 2008.
29.^ Allen, Hervey. Israfel: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1934: 260
30.^ Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 194. ISBN 0521797276
31.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 135. ISBN 0060923318
32.^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1991: 202-203. ISBN 0060923318
Further reading
Allen, Hervey and Thomas Ollive Mabbot. Poe's Brother. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1926.
Brenner, Rica. 12 American Poets Before 1900. Freeport: Harcourt, 1933.
Thomas, Dwight. and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co, 1987.
Wood, Clement. The Poets of America. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co, 1925.
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